High vapour pressure nanofuel droplet combustion and heat transfer: Insights into droplet burning time scale, secondary atomisation and coupling of droplet deformations and heat release

Combustion characteristics of ethanol-water (EW) droplets laden with ceria nanoparticles are investigated. The present experimental study focuses on three facets of droplet combustion (i) burning time scale of droplets with and without NPs, (ii) pathways of secondary atomisation due to interface deformations and (iii) coupling of droplet shape deformations and flame heat release. A theoretical vaporisation timescale is advocated which considers...