Stroke Risk in Atrial Fibrillation: Beyond the CHA2DS2-VASc Score

Stroke prevention is the cornerstone of atrial fibrillation (AF) management and the anticoagulation decision is currently based on CHA2DS2-VASc risk score. We discuss several novel risk factors besides those included in CHA2DS2-VASc score and alternative models for stroke prediction. Several clinical markers including obstructive sleep apnea and renal failure, laboratory markers like brain natriuretic peptide, imaging criteria including left...