Corrective factors for author- and journal-based metrics impacted by citations to accommodate for retractions

Citation-based metrics are frequently used to evaluate the level, or quality, of a researcher, or their work, often as a function of the ranking of the journal in which they publish, and broadly tend to be divided into journal-based metrics (JBMs) and author-based metrics (ABMs). Despite wide knowledge of the gaming of such metrics, in particular the Clarivate Analytics journal impact factor (JIF), no suitable substitute concept has yet emerged,...