Low-Dose X-ray Excited Photodynamic Therapy Based on NaLuF₄:Tb³⁺–Rose Bengal Nanocomposite

X-ray excited photodynamic therapy (X-PDT), which utilizes X-rays as the energy source and X-ray luminescent nanoparticles (XLNPs) as the transducer to excite photosensitizers (PS), resolves the penetration problem of light in traditional PDT to enable the treatment of deep-seated tumors. Nevertheless, the high X-ray dosage used in X-PDT hampers its potential applications in clinics. In this study, to alleviate the dose problem, β-NaLuF4:Tb3+...