Microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of corn stalk for solid biofuel production: Optimization of process parameters and characterization of hydrochar

The optimization of microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization for corn stalk was conducted to study the effects of reaction temperature (122.7–257.3 °C), residence time (4.8–55.2 min), and biomass loading (0.98–6.02 g/50 mL H2O) using the response surface methodology. The hydrochars produced from hydrothermal carbonization of cork stalk under different reaction conditions were characterized to understand their physical, chemical, and...