Analyzing patterns in population dynamics using repeated population surveys with three types of detection data

To facilitate the use of population counts as an index of population change, we describe a generalization of the distance sampling methodology to analyze, in addition to distance to the observer, two other ways to estimate imperfect detection probability: multiple observers and time-to-detection, in a flexible manner, meaning that not all sites or years need to have distance information or be surveyed in the same way every year. We also account...