Displaying bioacoustic directional information from sonobuoys using “azigrams”

The AN/SSQ-53 Directional Frequency Analysis and Recording (DIFAR) sonobuoy is an expendable device that can derive acoustic particle velocity along two orthogonal horizontal axes, along with acoustic pressure. This information enables computation of azimuths of low-frequency acoustic sources from a single compact sensor. The standard approach for estimating azimuth from these sensors is by conventional beamforming (i.e., adding weighted time...