A review of biomimetic surface functionalization for bone-integrating orthopedic implants: Mechanisms, current approaches, and future directions

Orthopedic implants are increasing in global prevalence, with hundreds of thousands of operations performed annually. However, a significant proportion of these operations experiences failure due to poor bone integration. Many avenues of investigation have been explored to address this issue and improve the biocompatibility of orthopedic devices by modifying the biological response to the implant surface. Biomimetic functionalization of...