Comparative pesticide exposure to Apis mellifera via honey bee-collected pollen in agricultural and non-agricultural areas of Northern Thailand

Pollen is a known route of pesticide exposure in bees, and pollen diversity and quality are necessary for optimal honey bee development and longevity. Here, the nutritional richness of protein for bees based on pollen/plant diversity and the pesticide residues in pollen were studied. Honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) were used to collect pollen at monthly intervals in four provinces (Chiang Mai, Lampang, Phayao and Phrae) of Northern...