TNF-α promotes human antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity of porcine endothelial cells through downregulating P38-mediated Occludin expression

The major limitation of organ transplantation is the shortage of available organs. Xenotransplantation is considered to be an effective way to resolve the problem. Immune rejection is a major hurdle for the successful survival of pig xenografts in primate recipients. Cytokines play important roles in inflammation and many diseases including allotransplantation, however, their roles in xenotransplantation have been less well investigated.We...