Establishing 24-hour Holter reference intervals for clinically healthy puppies

Normal Holter reference intervals have not been established for dogs <1 year of age. This lack of Holter reference intervals inhibits the ability to screen puppies for early indicators of heart disease, especially in breeds that have inherited cardiac arrhythmias (e.g. German Shepherd Dogs) or a high incidence of arrhythmic heart disease (e.g. Boxer dogs). The objective of this project was to establish Holter minimum, average, and maximum heart...