Host-parasitoid interactions between the solitary bee Centris analis (Apidae: Centridini) and conopid flies (Diptera: Conopidae)

Natural enemies are one of the main mortality factors in bees and wasps attacking either immature stages or adults of their hosts. Dipterans of the genus Physocephala (Diptera: Conopidae) are parasitoids that attack adult bees during their field activities, and the parasitoid larvae develop inside the host abdomen. However, little is known about the biology of these natural enemies and their interactions with their solitary bee hosts. This study...