Quantifying the relative influence of terminal shoot browsing by ungulates on tree regeneration

Ungulate densities and browsing in many European forests have increased over the past several decades. However, the extent to which tree regeneration is influenced by leader shoot browsing by ungulates versus other factors, such as light availability and the edaphic properties of different forest types, is unclear. In this study, tree regeneration in response to ungulate browsing and environmental factors was compared in 49 forest areas in...