Are associations formed across pairs? A test of learning by temporal contiguity in associative recognition

In models such as the search of associative memory (SAM: Gillund & Shiffrin, Psychological Review, 91(1), 1–67 1984) model, associations in paired-associate tasks are only formed between the pair of to-be-remembered items. The temporal context model (TCM: Howard & Kahana, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 46, 268–299 2002) deviates from SAM by positing that long-range associations are formed between the current item and all previously...