Gas independence of Miscanthus × giganteus torrefied in nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) using calibrated thermogravimetric analysis

Effects of torrefaction in N2 versus CO2 environments are not well understood despite their industrial significance. Previous torrefaction studies observed increased mass loss and enhanced biomass properties in CO2, but the underlying mechanisms for these differences have not been thoroughly explored. This study critically examined the commonly used thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique to highlight the effects of calibration and...