ATM, DNA-PKcs and ATR: shaping development through the regulation of the DNA damage responses

Genomic integrity is critical for normal development, healthy aging and suppressing oncogenic transformation. The DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex network that is activated by DNA structural changes to preserve genome integrity. Situated at the apex of the mammalian DDR are three PI3-kinase-related protein kinases—ATM, DNA-PKcs and ATR. They are activated by different DNA lesions via direct binding to their unique sensor protein complexes...