Circulating phylloquinone, inactive Matrix Gla protein and coronary heart disease risk: A two-sample Mendelian Randomization study

Multiple observational studies and small-scale intervention studies suggest that high vitamin K intake is associated with improved markers for cardiovascular health. Circulating phylloquinone solely represents phylloquinone (vitamin K1) intake, while dephosphorylated uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein (dp-ucMGP) represents both phylloquinone and menaquinone (vitamin K2) intake. This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between...