Effectiveness-based innovation or efficiency-based innovation? Trade-off and antecedents under the goal of ecological total-factor energy efficiency in China

Pursuing innovation effect or efficiency is an important trade-off that Chinese local governments need to face in the process of developing economy and protecting the environment. From the perspective of the policy portfolio, we employ the industrial panel data of 30 provinces in China during 2000–2015 to analyze the impacts of effectiveness-based innovation and efficiency-based innovation on ecological total-factor energy efficiency (ETFEE),...