The gut microbiome and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors: preclinical and clinical strategies

There is growing interest in identifying predictive biomarkers for inhibitors of programmed cell death protein 1 receptor (PD‐1), programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1), and cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA‐4). Given the links between the stool microbiota, anticancer immunosurveillance, and general health, the composition of the gut microbiome has recently undergone investigation as a biomarker for immunotherapy. In this review, we...