Systematic review: associations of calcium intake, vitamin D intake, and physical activity with skeletal outcomes in people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus

The skeletal complications of type 1 diabetes (T1D) include low bone density, poor bone quality and fractures. Greater calcium intake, vitamin D intake, and physical activity are commonly recommended to improve bone health in patients with T1D. However, it is not clear whether these factors are affected by T1D or improve clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature for evidence of associations...