Using multidimensional item response theory to evaluate how response styles impact measurement

Multidimensional item response theory ( MIRT ) models for response style (e.g., Bolt, Lu, & Kim, 2014, Psychological Methods , 19 , 528; Falk & Cai, 2016, Psychological Methods , 21 , 328) provide flexibility in accommodating various response styles, but often present difficulty in isolating the effects of response style(s) from the intended substantive trait(s). In the presence of such measurement limitations, we consider several ways...