Host and Bacterial Markers that Differ in Children with Cystitis and Pyelonephritis

To determine whether treatment for urinary tract infections in children could be individualized using biomarkers for acute pyelonephritis.We enrolled 61 children with febrile urinary tract infections, collected blood and urine samples, and performed a renal scan within 2 weeks of diagnosis to identify those with pyelonephritis. Renal scans were interpreted centrally by 2 experts. We measured inflammatory proteins in blood and urine using LUMINEX...