“To our great surprise …”: A frame-based analysis of surprise markers in research articles

Although academic discourse has a reputation for its emotionless objectivity, the emotion of surprise is often expressed in scientific writing. Paradoxically, surprise is cognitive in nature and recognized as a knowledge emotion. Given the connection between surprise and knowledge-making, it is surprising that linguistic expressions of surprise (i.e., surprise markers) in academic discourse have received little research attention. This article...