Blockade of ALK4/5 signaling suppresses cadmium- and erastin-induced cell death in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells via distinct signaling mechanisms

Various types of cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, are induced in renal tubular epithelial cells following exposure to environmental stresses and toxicants such as osmotic stress, ischemia/reperfusion injury, cisplatin, and cadmium. This is known to cause renal dysfunction, but the cellular events preceding stress-induced cell death in renal tubules are not fully elucidated. The activin receptor-like kinase...