Triple helix in the science and technology innovation centers of China from the perspective of mutual information: a comparative study between Beijing and Shanghai

In this study, we measure the systemness of the triple helix (TH) relationship of universities, industries, and governments (UIGs) of Beijing and Shanghai science and technology innovation centers from the perspectives of horizontal comparison and vertical evolution. Information entropy theory and TH indicators are used to measure the author’s institutional information based on the Web of Science core collection database from 2008 to 2017. The...