Comparison of leaf-off and leaf-on combined UAV imagery and airborne LiDAR for assessment of a post-mining site terrain and vegetation structure: Prospects for monitoring hazards and restoration success

Mining is an important human activity that significantly affects the landscape character, particularly through excavation of spoil material and its deposition on spoil banks. The information on terrain or vegetation cover of spoil banks is often required for two different reasons: (i) to monitor and prevent adverse effect of hazards associated with unstable terrain; and (ii) to assess restoration success. Traditionally used in situ methods for...