Non-invasive disease diagnosis using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of urine and saliva

Due to the high sensitivity, specificity, efficiency and cost-effectiveness, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been extensively used for the detection and evaluation of biological substances in body fluids, such as blood, tissues and cells. However, collecting these bodily species is not very convenient because patients have to suffer from skin irritation pain and contacted injection risks. Urine and saliva, which carry abundant...