Compulsive internet use and the development of self‐esteem and hope: A four‐year longitudinal study

Objective Compulsive internet use (CIU) has been linked to decrements in mental health and well‐being. However, relatively little is known about how CIU relates to evaluations of the self, and in particular, whether CIU is antecedent to or is a consequence of negative evaluations of one’s social worth (self‐esteem) and general efficacy (hope). To examine this, we explored the longitudinal relations between CIU and the development of self‐esteem...