Friis Transmission Over a Ground Plane: Understanding the Effects of Nonfree-Space Conditions

The free-space Friis equation is often used in a half space over a conducting ground plane, sometimes with erroneous results. In this article, corrections for the Friis equation are shown for several ground-plane cases. This article also offers an explanation for the previously misunderstood 6-dB puzzle in the monopole-to-monopole...