PSI-34 Painful and impractical: how to refine calf anesthesia.

A common sedation procedure in veterinary practice is intramuscular injection of xylazine. However, recent research has shown that intramuscular (IM) injections are more aversive than subcutaneous (SC) and intra-nasal (IN) routes. The first aim of the current study was to assess the relative efficacy of xylazine sedation using these alternative routes. The effects of sedatives are usually estimated through physiological parameters, which can be...