Witnessing school bullying: to react or not to react? An insight into perceived social norms regulating self-predicted defending and passive behaviours

There is a growing interest in the factors influencing bystanders’ interventions in school-bullying. However, perceived social norms, beliefs about what others do (perceived descriptive norms), and what others think one should do (perceived injunctive norms) still require attention. The aim of this study was to investigate whether students perceived three defending behaviours (alert, care and opposition) and one passive reaction as falling...