Long-term simulated runoff and water quality from grain cropping systems on restrictive layer soils

Evaluation of the sustainability of grain production systems requires knowledge of long-term crop yields, and edge-of-field runoff volumes and water quality. When measured data are limited, computer simulation models —calibrated and validated with the available data— are well suited for this type of inquiry. In this study, the Agricultural Policy Environmental Extender (APEX) model was used to investigate how management affects crop yields,...