Early colonization of white spruce deadwood by saproxylic beetles in aggregated and dispersed retention

Retention harvests may leave retention in aggregations evenly dispersed or in various combinations. Although the relative efficacy of aggregated and dispersed retention for biodiversity conservation is widely debated, there has been little study of combinations. We studied this question relative to saproxylic beetles that initially colonize horizontal and upright coarse woody material (CWM) of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in boreal...