A coupled kinematics model for icebreaker escort operations in ice-covered waters

In northern sea areas such as the Baltic Sea and the Arctic, especially in winter conditions, the presence of sea ice frequently necessitates icebreaker assistance operations for vessels navigating in these areas. Icebreaker escort operations are important for ensuring the safety of navigation in these harsh environments. While these operations reduce the overall system risk, studies have shown that specific navigational risks are associated...