Energy balance and gastrointestinal cancer: risk, interventions, outcomes and mechanisms

Obesity increases the risk of multiple gastrointestinal cancers and worsens disease outcomes. Conversely, strong inverse associations have emerged between physical activity and colon cancer and possibly other gastrointestinal malignancies. The effect of weight loss interventions — such as modifications of diet and/or physical activity or bariatric surgery — remains unclear in patients who are obese and have gastrointestinal cancer, although...