Effects of the size and oxidation of graphene oxide on crop quality and specific molecular pathways

Applications of graphene-based nanomaterials in agriculture have attracted much attention, but their potential risks to crop quality and food safety are largely unknown. The present study found that graphene oxide (GO), GO quantum dots (GOQDs) and reduced GO (rGO) translocated from wheat stems to grains and formed large nanomaterial aggregates. The nanomaterials also reduced the globulin, prolamin, amylose and amylopectin contents by 8–28%,...