The energy tree: Non-equilibrium energy transfer in collision-dominated plasmas

Collision-dominated plasmas (CDPs) possess unique features compared to traditional fluid and collision-free plasmas that arise from frequent collisions among various species. Synergistic effects of mass–momentum–energy exchange are discussed for most common CDP sources including thermal plasmas, cold plasmas and plasmas with reactive gases. The concept of the “Energy Tree” is employed for analysing multiple synergistic effects of the external...