Children of Incarcerated Parents: Developmental Trajectories of Externalizing Behavior Across Adolescence

Growth mixture modeling was used to identify distinct trajectories of externalizing behavior for youth ( N = 647) across the period 10 to 16 years of age. Four trajectory classes were identified: Low-Stable, Mid-Increasing, Borderline-Stable, and Chronic-High. Relations of the identified trajectories with parental incarceration, parent–child relationships, trauma, and parenting as well as future substance use and criminality were then examined....