Lead Levels at the Tap and Consumer Exposure from Legacy and Recent Lead Service Line Replacements in Six Utilities

Profile, regulatory, and investigative sampling were completed in six utilities to study the impact of partial and full lead service line replacements (LSLRs) on water lead levels (WLLs) and consumer’s exposure. As compared to households with no replacement, lead release after partial LSLR (PLSLR) was generally greater in the short term (3–50 days), and comparable or lower in the medium (<2 years) and long-term (>2 years). This was mainly...