Chronic toxicity of 6 neonicotinoid insecticides to Chironomus dilutus and Neocloeon triangulifer

Neonicotinoid insecticides are frequently detected in surface waters near agricultural areas, leading to a potential for chronic exposure to sensitive aquatic species. The midge Chironomus dilutus and the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer have been shown to be acutely sensitive to neonicotinoids. Previous studies have established chronic effects of some neonicotinoids on C. dilutus , but reproduction has not been studied. Toxic effects have not been...