Near-extinction behavior of smoldering combustion under highly vacuumed environment

The smoldering behavior of porous combustibles near the extinction limit was examined under a highly-vacuumed environment at various oxygen concentrations. The considered ambient conditions of the present work is 1.0–90 kPa in absolute pressure filled with a nitrogen–oxygen mixture. A 2-mm-rod-shaped incense stick is considered as the burning specimen. The specimen was located vertically and forced ignition was made at the top of the specimen to...