Tetramethylpyrazine protects against high glucose-induced vascular smooth muscle cell injury through inhibiting the phosphorylation of JNK, p38MAPK, and ERK

Objectives High glucose-induced alterations in vascular smooth muscle cell behavior have not been fully characterized. We explored the protective mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on rat smooth muscle cell injury induced by high glucose via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Methods Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) isolated from rat thoracic aortas were divided into control, high glucose (HG), and...