Measuring revealing: An instrument for non-pecuniary outbound open innovation

Open innovation (OI) refers to the in- and out-bound flows of knowledge for financial gain or non-pecuniary reasons. Investigation into pecuniary and especially inbound innovation types has advanced rapidly and the relationships between these types of OI, organizational factors and innovation performance are now well understood. Non-pecuniary outbound OI has received less attention, perhaps because it is contrary to the expectation of capturing...