Phylogeography, genetic structure and wing pattern variation of Erebia pronoe (Esper, 1780) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Europe

The distribution of genetic diversity within Erebia pronoe (Esper, 1780) populations in relation to biogeographic ranges is essential for understanding the processes of evolution, speciation and phylogeography in this species. A certain degree of genetic variability was expected because of the species’ linkage solely to calcareous soils. These ideas were focused on the water ringlet E. pronoe, a European endemic montane butterfly distributed...