Evaluation of Pavement Roughness Using an Android-Based Smartphone

Modern smartphones are equipped with many useful sensors, such as gyroscopes, magnetometers, global positioning system (GPS) receivers, and three-dimensional (3D) accelerometers. In this study, smartphones’ 3D accelerometers were used for collecting a vehicle’s vertical acceleration data. Through the use of various signal processing and pattern recognition techniques, such as cross correlations, Welch periodograms, and variance analyses, the...