The encoding of wind forcing into the Pacific-Arctic pressure head, Chukchi Sea ice retreat and late-summer Barrow Canyon water masses

Barrow Canyon, which incises the northeast corner of the Chukchi Sea shelf, is a major conduit through which Pacific-origin waters carrying nutrients, biota, freshwater, and heat enter the Arctic Ocean. As such, Barrow Canyon was adopted as a long-term monitoring site for the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) in 2010. However, annual hydrographic surveys across Barrow Canyon, conducted during late August 2005–2015 along a location near...