The battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicle applications: A case study

The hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which combines the functionalities of supercapacitors (SCs) and batteries, has been widely studied to extend the batteries' lifespan. The battery degradation cost and the electricity cost should be simultaneously considered in the HESS optimization. However, the continuous decline in the price of lithium batteries may weaken the effectiveness of HESS, as the battery degradation cost becomes less...