Biological therapies in inflammatory bowel disease: Beyond anti-TNF therapies

The pharmacological management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) over the last two decades has transitioned from reliance on aminosalycilates, corticosteroids and immunomodulators to earlier treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy. Nevertheless, 20–30% of patients discontinue anti-TNF therapy for primary non-response and another 30–40% for losing response within one year of treatment. These undesirable therapeutic outcomes...