Effects of gravel mulching on yield and multilevel water use efficiency of wheat-maize cropping system in semi-arid region of Northwest China

Gravel mulching technology has been applied in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China for many years. However, systematic field studies concerning its effects on ecological effects and water productivity are insufficient. A field study was conducted during two consecutive cycles of Wheat-Maize cropping system in the Yangling District of Northwest China to evaluate water productivity and crop productivity with the four treatment...