HVDB: a hierarchical verifiable database scheme with scalable updates

The notion of verifiable database (VDB) plays an important role in secure outsourcing of data storage, which allows a client, typically a resource-constraint one, to outsource the large-scale databases to an untrusted server and make retrieval and update queries. For each query request, the server responds with a query result and a proof which is used to verify the result. Plenty of research work has been done on designing efficient VDB schemes...